Letter to Simon (Class Discussion) Free Essays

Dear Simon, I might actually want to invite you to our nation. In any case, the fundamental essential elements of a working framework (OS) is overseeing assets, for example, planning the hard drive, inward memory, processor, and so forth to make your PC run all the more easily. We will compose a custom article test on Letter to Simon (Class Discussion) or then again any comparative theme just for you Request Now The working framework likewise goes about as a User Interface with the application Microsoft Office, with the preliminary form previously introduced onto your PC. At last, running applications importance running all the application programming, for example, Microsoft Word in Microsoft Office which we will examine. The principle three highlights of Microsoft Office that I will examine with you are spelling and language structure check include, the status bar highlight, and the Word Help include. These highlights will be most useful I accept with your experience as an understudy and a specialist. The principal we will talk about will be the spelling and language structure check include. You will have the option to utilize this element to address incorrectly spelled words and off base language structure in your record. This is most useful when composing an exposition for school and making an archive for the workplace, for example, a strategic agreement. As you type, Word consequently checks your composing for spelling and language structure mistakes. At the point when you incorrectly spell a word or utilize erroneous language structure, a red (for the incorrect spelling) and a green (for off base syntax) wavy underline will show up underneath the mistakes. You can go to the off base punctuation or incorrectly spelled word and right snap on the word to see the recommendations that Word will offer you to set up of the mistaken word or potentially sentence structure. The following component we will talk about is the status bar. It is situated at the base of the current archive window that you are making simply over the Windows task bar. It presents data about the archive, for example, the advancement of current undertakings. It likewise shows what number of pages in the report and on which page you are right now on. It additionally shows what number of words you have composed which will be exceptionally useful for the situation that you may need to compose a report with let us state 500 words in it. It likewise shows your spelling and sentence structure check symbol to inform you as to whether you have any mistakes. A blue check showed on the symbol implies you don't as of now have any mistakes, while an ed ‘x’ mark implies you have a blunder some place in your record, regardless of whether it be inaccurate language structure or an incorrectly spelled word. Likewise, another element of Microsoft Word, that I will incorporate for you, that you may discover valuable is the formats. A layout is a beginning stage that is pre-set, all that is required done by the administrator, which is you, is to fill in th e spaces or supplant pre-composed enhancements. Instances of formats incorporate business letters, resumes, scholarly letters, individual letters, proclamations, and so forth. You can see your layouts by tapping on the Office Button, at that point select New, and snap on introduced formats. The last element we will examine is the Word Help include. It is exceptionally valuable particularly when you are new to Microsoft Word. Whenever you are utilizing Word, it doesn't make a difference on the off chance that you are in a section, page, or sentence, you can get to Word Help to discover answers to any of your inquiries. It reacts with a rundown of list items with various connections from numerous sources that you can tap on to show your ideal answer. It will limit your time figuring out how to utilize Word and will decrease your disappointments. You can get to it by tapping the Microsoft Office Word Help button close to the upper right corner of your Word window showed as a blue hover with a white question mark in the center. A particular programming application that I have discovered valuable on my PC is Microsoft Office Excel. I have thought that it was valuable since I can monitor my monetary records, I can get a spreadsheet of how much cash-flow I right now have, the amount I have spent, what I have gone through that cash for, and how much cash I have remaining. I have likewise really made a â€Å"potty chart† for my three-year-old girl that each time she utilizes her ‘potty’ on some random day, she gets a sticker on that diagram. I have additionally made task outlines for my family since I have a few companions remaining with me until they stand up. We turn the errands consistently. At long last, the highlights of my present course site, E-College, that will assist me with achieving accomplishment in my scholarly interests are: the fundamental Course Home page where I can monitor new declarations that my teacher has posted; he Grade Book tab where I can verify what my present evaluation is and the evaluations I have made on various assignments; and the email tab that lets me stay in contact with my educator of any close to home issues or any inquiries I may have that I would prefer not to be shared freely. I can likewise stay in contact with my individual cohorts concerning any assignments that I may not comprehend and I will have the option to approach them for help. Good karma with all the fixings. I trust you do very well in your investigations and calling. Your companion, Staci N. Phillips The most effective method to refer to Letter to Simon (Class Discussion), Papers

Project Scope Management

Question: What is Project Scope Management? Clarify. Answer: Venture presentation This task depends on natural insurance occasion to be facilitated by Green bound development. It covers exercises identified with strong wastage, water gracefully and squander the board (Scholes 2013 p.34). Natural administration has become a worldwide issue prompting the need of present and future biodiversity defending (Aune 2013 p.21). The occasion will be a multi day work covering both inside and open air exercises. It will target 200 crowd and members from inside venture region. Level 1-It comprises of venture destinations to sort out an ecological insurance occasion objective. Level 11-They are venture significant expectations comprising of specialized, government assistance and employable capacities. Level 111-It covers sub-expectations or work packages;i. Employing of specialists and rapporteurs - they will help in directing introduction of papers and addresses. They will encourage correspondence and guaranteeing that the meetings are progressed nicely. ii. Promotions instrum ents to make occasion mindfulness, the apparatuses will incorporate pennants, notification and solicitations cards sent to explicit journeys. iii. Presentations printing materials - writing material that will be utilized by moderators and crowds. They will incorporate pens and composing materials. iv. Buying and employing materials-utilized during introduction of papers and addresses specialized materials to guarantee that exercises are performed well. v. Occasion setting enhancing make ecological view, the scene will be enlivened in a naturally benevolent manner a decent climate. vi. Refreshments and tidbits sourcing-crowds and members will be given beverages, water, and straightforward bites. This will be given during brief breaks. vii. Cooking administrations The administration will be out sourced to give suppers to visitors and crowds. viii. Arrangement of tables and seats they will be utilized during shows, introductions and during supper times. ix. Sourcing diversion materials It will be important to source radio frameworks that will be utilized for connecting with crowds and interchanges. x. Recruiting and preparing ushers-they will be people prepared to offer manual for visitor and crowds. xi. Sourcing presentations materials-They will incorporate both specialized and employable types of gear for instance little tents and electric extentions. xii. Looking for suitable setting the task group will do pre visits and assessments to have the option to find proper occasion scene. xiii. Allows and licenses looking for They will be looked for from different experts for instance from the ecological and region agengies this is to guarantee consistence to rules and guidelines. xiv. Sourcing for exhibitors-notices and solicitations for exhibitors will be done before the real date of occasion. xv. Sourcing ecological agreeable material-To beautify the occasion so it gets appealing, materials will be procured in accordance with the occasion subject. xvi. Preparing people - to guarantee consistence on eviromental angles it incorporate task colleagues, ushers and experts. xvii. Purchasing of writing material composing materials for the whole procedure which incorporate note pads, enrollment materials and pens. xviii. Squander the executives containers situated in perfect areas to maintain a strategic distance from pointless littering and removals of squanders. xix. Arrangement of security-sourcing of security firm to provide food for any security alarms during the two time frame event.xx. Occasion pennants and notification situating to go about as great promoting positions to energize and make limit working among crowds. Quote Top down estimateThe assessments will be gotten from the different work bundles exercises according to the allocate approach. Time staged gauge The evaluations is inferred dependent on the dates of the achievements and appraisals of work bundles ordered in stages. The purpose behind drawing the time stage financial plan. The time stage empowers venture group to spending costs concurring succession of exercises. The time stage is a control device that can be utilized by venture chiefs to screen costs during usage and executing stages. References Aune, J. (2013). Sensible system approach and PRA: Mutually selective or correlative apparatuses for venture Planning? Improvement in Practice, 10(5), 687-690. Beecham, R. (2013). Viable task planning: The Essentials (pp. 35-43). IT Governance Publishing. Chandler, A (2014). Venture the board procedure rules, Cengage distributers, New Delhi. Christopher, W Bryan, A (2015). Inspecting undertakings and changes in progress: in auditing it in due persistence: are you purchasing and it resource or risk, IT administration distributing. Kathy, S (2015) Information innovation venture the executives, Boston: United States.Kendrik,T (2014) The task the board toolbox, New Delhi: India, Prentice Hall.Koehler, C. (2015). Venture arranging and the board Technique. Open Administration Review, 43(5), 459-466.:1. Meredith, J (2014). Venture the executives: administrative methodology, London: UK, Wiley publishersMitchell, L (2016). Program/Project Management Competencies; in Project and Program Manage ment: A Competency-Based Approach, (Third Edition). Purdue University Press. Mitchell, S (2016). The Importance of Program/Project Management. In Project and Program Management: A Competency-Based Approach, Third Edition. Purdue University Press. Scholes, T (2013), Evaluating, choosing and controlling activities, New York, US. American Association. Whitaker, S (2014) the advantages of fitting: making a venture the board strategy, New Town Square: USA, PMI.

Phrasal Verbs - English Definitions for ESL Students

Phrasal Verbs - English Definitions for ESL Students There are four sorts of phrasal action words. Phrasal action words can be distinct or indistinguishable and they can take an item or not. Here is a manual for the essentials of phrasal action words. Phrasal Verbs which Take Objects Phrasal action words which take objects are known as transitive phrasal action words. These action words can be detachable or indivisible: Distinguishable phrasal action words can stay together when utilizing an article that is a thing or thing phrase. I got Tom. Or then again I got Tom.They put their companions up. Or then again They set up their friends.My companions surrendered bowling. Or on the other hand My companions surrendered bowling.â Divisible phrasal action words: get, set up, surrender Divisible phrasal action words MUST be isolated when a pronoun is utilized: We got him the station. NOT We got him at the station.They put them up. NOT They set up them.She thought it up recently. NOT She concocted it the other day.â Distinct phrasal action words: get, set up, brainstorm Indistinguishable phrasal action words consistently stay together. It has no effect if a thing or pronoun is utilized. We set off for the sea shore. /We set off for it.They are taking care of the kids. /They are caring for them.The instructor required the appropriate response in class. /The educator called for it in class. Indistinguishable phrasal action words: set off, care for, call for Phrasal Verbs which Dont Take Objects Some phrasal action words don't take objects. Action words that don't take objects are otherwise called intransitive action words. These phrasal action words are ALWAYS indivisible. The cheats got away.The transport separated while in transit to work.She rose early. Intransitive phrasal action words: escape, separate, get up On the off chance that you are uncertain about whether a phrasal action word is distinguishable or indistinguishable, ALWAYS utilize a thing or things express and DO NOT separate. Thusly, you will consistently be right! Divisible Phrasal Verbs: raise, take off They raised their youngsters to regard others.She removed her coat before she started the lesson.The supervisor put off the gathering until one week from now. Indivisible Phrasal Verbs: search for, set off, keep at She was searching for her books when he arrived.They set off for a brilliant occasion in Hawaii.You should keep at your schoolwork for at any rate an hour.â Three-word Phrasal Verbs A few action words are trailed by two relational words (or modifiers). These phrasal action words are ALWAYS indistinguishable. Im anticipating meeting John. Or then again Im anticipating meeting him.They didnt continue ahead with their mom. Or then again They didnt continue ahead with her.Peter concocted an extraordinary thought. Or on the other hand Peter thought of it.â Three-word phrasal action words: anticipate, continue ahead with, think of Phrasal Verb Type Quiz Check your comprehension by recognizing each phrasal action word as transitive or intransitive and distinguishable or indivisible. For example:â My companion got me the air terminal. - get: transitive, distinct We set off at six oclock in the morning. Tom anticipates meeting you next week.Unfortunately, the cheats got away.He revealed to me that he had surrendered cigarettes last year.I got up and went to work.Jennifer thought it up during the meeting. I was so worn out after the race I split down.He brought the subject up during class yesterday.Ill care for your pooches while youre away on vacation.She concocted a good thought. Test Answers set off: intransitive/inseparablelook forward to: transitive/inseparableget away: intransitive/inseparablegive up: transitive/separableget up: intransitive/inseparablethink up: transitive/separablebreak down: intransitive/inseparablebring up: transitive/separablelook after: transitive/inseparablecome up with: transitive/indivisible Keep Learning Phrasal Verbs This phrasal action words reference rundown will kick you off with short meanings of roughly 100 of the most widely recognized phrasal action words. Instructors can utilize this acquainting phrasal action words exercise plan with assistance understudies become progressively acquainted with phrasal action words and begin building phrasal action word jargon. At long last, there are a wide assortment of phrasal action word assets on the site to assist you with learning new phrasal action words.

The accounting conservatism principle - Free Essay Example

In this paper we analyze the relationship between the accounting conservatism principle and the effects of this principle in the Dutch banking sector during the economic crisis. We will focus on several financial institutions and other companies that subsequently performed well or disastrous. The main theme of our research paper is a investigation of economic consequences in the accounting science. We will discuss an accounting principle and then investigate the effects that this principle has on certain economic events. The sub theme of our paper is a further investigation of the well-known and the important accounting conservatism principle. We will use the conservatism principle to make a new analysis by researching this principle and its effects on the functioning of several Dutch financial institutions during this state of negative economic dynamics. 1.2 Relevance The main focus of this paper is to further investigate a relevant and well acknowledged sub topic in the accounting science, considering the multitude of previous scientific papers and our own interests we have chosen for the accounting conservatism principle. A brief definition of this accounting principle is: A accounting guideline that understates assets and revenues and overstates liabilities and expenses. (Dictionary of Accounting Terms, 4th edition, Joel G. Spiegel, Jae K. Shim) This means that expenses should be recognized directly while revenues should be recognized when its verifiable that will be realized. The conservatism principle holds that in reporting the financial statements a more pessimistic picture (understate) than a optimistic picture (overstate) will be described, due to this principle there is less chance of users of financial information being hurt by relying on prepared financial statements. The accounting conservatism principle in of the most important pri nciples in the accounting profession and science, Basu (1997,8) states that conservatism has influenced the accounting practice for more than 500 years. Watts (2003) wrote in his paper conservatism in accounting, that there is a great scientific benefit in further researching the accounting conservatism principle. In our opinion it would be a great opportunity to further explore the effects of this important and long lasting principle in combination with the recent financial crisis. The recent financial crisis emerged in 2007 and at the moment of writing the effects and economic consequences is still visible and active in todays business world. We will briefly introduce this recent financial crisis in order to provide the necessary heuristics to the neutral reader. Due to various aspects this crisis has emerged and evolved and left its footmarks on the entire business world. We will discuss the important aspects that created the crisis and have made the crisis more sustainable th at are given by several economic experts. First of all the financial crisis came into existence in the United States in the end of 2007. The most important cause of the financial crisis are the reckless and unsustainable lending practices of several top banks in the US  [1]  . Various US top banks sold financial products with high risk to their customers, especially real estate mortgages. These mortgages where covered by securities, which had risks that were hard to estimate. A reaction to a more broad credit boom, increase in oil and food prices was a speculative bubble in real estate and equities, which served to reinforce the risky lending practices.  [2]  The emergence of high risk loan losses was the beginning of a financial crisis in 2007. In consequence of the loan losses and the fall of Lehman Brothers in September 2008 a financial panic brakes out. As result of massive declines in stock rates and real estate prices several large investment institutions and banks in both Europe and the United States came in serious financial trouble and some of them went bankrupt. This worldwide crisis has caused several economic consequences like; rapidly increasing unemployment rates, a decline of commodity prices, a fall of international trade and of the most important consequences of all is a lack of trust of public in financial institutions, banks and the public began to set question marks on management policies, strategies and ethical behaviour. The general consensus of economists is that this crisis is going to be the worst since the Great Depression of 1930 and that complete recovery of the market will be accomplished somewhere near 2010/2011  [3]  4. This global phenomenon is the basis for a lot of scientist and practitioners to investigate the causes, results, possible prevention methods and the way to structure these financial institutions in a way that such economic crisis could be prevented in the future. In our research we will focus on the ca uses of the economic crisis, we will mention some of them while others that are more significant for our research will be presented more elaborately. Some practitioners and researchers claim that these are the main causes of the financial crisis: increase of oil prices, weakened regulation activities by the government, improper and inadequate functioning of CEO of the Federal Reserve Bank Alan Greenspan and over-leveraging (credit default swaps and collaterized debt obligations). To introduce our research question, we will further investigate one of the causes namely over-leveraging because this specific cause is of importance for our research. A lot of banks and investors miscalculated the level of inherent risk in the unregulated Collateralized debt obligation and Credit Default Swap markets. In this way banks and investors were able to take advantage of low interest rates and borrow huge sums of money that they only could pay back if the housing market continued to increase in va lue.  [5]  Banks were highly dependent on future earnings such as the profits they assumed to make of the mortgages, what they didnt take into consideration is the fact that much of these mortgages carried a lot of risks and that the earnings were not verifiable and realized. So they overstated their future earnings and they massively pursued an optimistic view which led to an overstatement of their earnings. So having said this we know can see that the accounting conservatism principle was not applied by these banks. Having enriched ourselves with this information we were very interested in investigating why accounting conservatism which dominates as a solid theory for many years and is incorporated in the accounting regulations and in many scientific literature has not been applied in the banking sector. Our research question thus states; What is the reason that the accounting conservatism principle didnt succeed in the Dutch banking sector? This research paper will b e especially of importance and value for practionners, financial analysts, accounting students and other generally interested readers. Practioners and scientists like Basu, Watts, Dietrich, Riedl, Mcleay and Raonic did an investigation in the relationship between accounting conservatism and for instance stock returns, but they do not investigate the relationship between accounting conservatism and the effects on the financial sector during a recession. Our research is unique because it is the first research of the accounting principle and the effects and relation on the Dutch banking sector during the recent (2007-2010/11) financial crisis. To measure the effects of accounting conservatism in relation with the performance of the Dutch banks during the recession. Literature review In this part of the paper we are going to study and present several scientific papers of well-acknowledged practitioners. We will define the accounting conservatism principle and we will view this principle from the point of view of different scholars and further more we will discuss the importance of the accounting conservatism principle and its effects on different business ratios. Accounting Conservatism Conservatism is defined as the differential verifiability required to recognize profits versus losses. (Watts,2003) Watts stated that conservatism is the asymmetrical verification requirement for gains and losses. It means there is a difference in verification requirements for recognizing gains and losses. The asymmetrical verification interpretation is incorporated in the definition of Watts as differential verifiability. Conservatism also has an extreme form this form is also referred to as the traditional conservatism adage: anticipate no profit, but anticipate all losses (Bliss, 1924) This means that a company should not recognize profits before there is a legal claim to the revenues generating them and that the revenues are verifiable. All losses should be recognized by the company even when they arent completely verifiable. Basu interpreted the conservatism adage as: the accountants tendency to require a higher degree of verification to recognize good news as gains than to recognize bad news as losses. He deducted this interpretation from several accounting concepts, procedures and principles. For instance, the Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts ( SFAC) No.2 (FASB, 1980) paragraph 95 states: if two estimates of amounts to be received or paid in the future are about equally likely, conservatism dictates using the less optimistic estimate. He also mentioned some conservatism examples in the Accounting Research Board(ARB). ARB 45 states: a company should immediately recognize changes in cost estimates if they result in future expected losses on long-term contracts, but not if they result in increased future profits. Thus conservatism results in a greater probability of timely accounting recognition of bad news than for good news. (Basu, 1997) An alternative definition of accounting conservatism is of Belkaoui (1985). He claims that conservatism implies that preferably the lowest values of assets and revenues and the highest values of liabilit ies and expenses should be reported More broadly this means that accountants prefer accounting methods that lead to lower reported values for shareholders. To explain the roots of the accounting conservatism principle we will discuss the historical developments, theories and explanations of conservatism. The influence of conservatism on the accounting practice has been for centuries. Basu argued that this principle significantly influenced the accounting practice for at least 500 years.(Basu,1997) Historical records from trading deals in the 15th century show that accounting in medieval Europe waws In our opinion the traditional accounting conservatism adage is not suitable for our research, in todays economic environment it would to extreme to think that one managing a company could apply this traditional principle. The first definition of Watts is the most suitable for our research because it is the broadest, simple and it captures in a glance the fundamentals of the acco unting conservatism principle. Literature table: Paper Title Author Object of study Sample(size, country, period) Methodology Conclusion 1 Conservatism in Accounting Part I: Explanations and Implications Ross L. Watts Examination of alternative explanations for conservatism in accounting and their implications for accounting regulators. This paper is based on existing literature(literature study), thus there is no test information included, September 2003 This paper studies conservatism in accounting and is divided in two parts. The first Part discusses explanations for conservatism and draws implications for regulation and standard setting. The paper draws a general contracting explanation for conservatism and predicts that other contracts employed within the firm, will also generate conservatism. It offers also a new argument: that an information perspective produces conservatism once the information costs of changed managerial behavior are introduced even without contracting considerations. The main conclusion of this paper is that conservatism is essential. Managers will bias and noise value estimates, because there is a lack of verifiability, managers have limited tenures and limited liabilitys. If regulators want to improve financial reporting, they must recognize the importance of verification, problems that conservatisms asymmetric requirement evolved to address and regulators should concentrate on the accountings core competence. 2 Conservatism in Accounting Part II: Evidence and Research Opportunities Ross L. Watts Summary of the empirical evidence on conservatism, its consistency with alternative explanations, and opportunities for future research. This paper is based on existing literature(literature study), thus there is no test information included, September 2003 This is Part II of the literature study of conservatism in accounting. This part summarizes the empirical evidence on the existence of conservatism. Ross L. Watts elaborates se veral measurements for conservatism, draws evidences on alternative conservatism explanations and on non-conservatism explanations. Further this article discusses some research opportunities. In this paper the writer concludes that existing evidence for accounting conservatism is most consistent with the contracting and litigation explanations. Further the writer concludes there is a reason to believe that the four explanations for conservatism (contracting, litigation, tax and regulation) are not independent. Also conservatism is driven by a concern with overpayment by contracting parties, courts and government and this principle will not exclude earnings management or abandonment options. 3 The conservatism principle and the asymmetric timeliness of earnings Sudipta Basu Re-examination of the conservatism principle. Investigation of the effects of the conservatism principle on reported financial statements. The samples implemented for the test in this paper consi st of all firm-year observations from 1963 -1990 with returns data on the center for research in security prices NYSE/AMEX monthly files, and with necessary accounting data on the compustat annual industrial and research files. (United States). The paper extends research on the timeliness of earnings by pointing out that the timelines is asymmetrically greater for bad news than for goods news. S. Basu states that in efficient markets, stock returns symmetrically and quickly reflect all publicly available news, so he uses returns to measure news. The research of the conservatism principle is based on four predictions. For the first prediction: earnings is more timely or concurrently sensitive in reflecting publicly available bad news than good news the researcher used negative and positive unexpected annual stock returns to proxy for bad news and good news. For the other three predictions S.Basu used empirical tests. S. Basu investigated the effects of the conservatism principl e on reported financial statements and interprets conservatism as resulting in earnings reflecting bad news more quickly than good news. He indicated that the concurrent sensitivity of earnings to negative returns is two to six times as large as the concurrent sensitivity of earnings to positive returns and he also showed that positive earnings changes tend to persist whereas negative earnings changes show a marked tendency to reverse. The conclusion of this paper is that earnings are timelier in reporting publicly available bad news about future cash flows than good news. 4 Discussion of Conditional and Unconditional Conservatism: Concepts and Modeling Sudipta Basu Algebraically model, simulate and graph the effects of various factors on the nonlinear earnings-return relation induced by conditional conservatism. 2005 5 The Timeliness of Income Recognition by European Companies: An analysis of Institutional and Market Complexity Ivana Raonic, Stuart McLeay, I oannis Asimakopoulos Analyze of the asymmetric timeliness of income recognition of good and bad news in the earnings of 366 European firms between 1987 and 1999 2004 6 Discussion of The Timeliness of Income Recognition by European Companies: An analysis of Institutional and Market Complexity Bill Rees 2004 7 Asymmetric timeliness of accounting conservatism J. R. Dietrich, K. A. Muller III, E. J. Riedl Research on the relationship between earnings and stock returns to examine whether bad news is incorporated into earnings on a more timely basis than good news. 2007 8 International Differences in the Timeliness, Conservatism, and Classification of Earnings Peter F. Pope , Martin Walker ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€š Analyze of the differences in the timeliness of income recognition between the U.S. and U.K. GAAP financial reporting regimes 1999 9 Econometrics of the Basu Asymmteric Timeliness Coefficient and The Accounting Conservati sm. (Working Paper) Ray Ball, S. P. Kothari, Valeri Nikolaev Analysis of the econometrics of the Basu asymmetric timeliness coefficient. The analysis addresses the conceptual and econometric challenges to the measure raised in the recent literature. First Draft : May 2006, Current version April 2009

International Business Study Guide - 7932 Words

Exam 1 Guide A. Current issues with the IMF 1. Currency crises: coming up 2. Issues: a) Credibility/inappropriate policies 1) Leadership 2) Recommended Practices 3) Voting power allocation a) U.S. and Europe possess extreme amount power; If the IMF wants to pass a decision, they need to get the support of EU and US b) Moral Hazard? 1) Dismantle the organization: Don’t Manage the economy and let your inflation get to high but if it does occur, they have a safety net if they do something wrong c) Lack of accountability? I. The Role of the World Bank A. World Bank (IBRD) role- International Bank for restruction and†¦show more content†¦What is globalization of production? A. Trend by individual firms to disperse arts of productive processes to different locations around the globe to take advantage of national differences in the cost and quality of factors of production IV. What is foreign direct investment? A. direct investment in business operation in a foreign country V. What affects globalization? A. Education B. Limited liability forms of business ownership C. Technology D. Growth in property rights, including intellectual property protection E. Diminishing restrictions on trade and investment flows F. Growing homogeneity in tastes G. Plus other factors. VI. Review Trends in Globalization A. Notable stops: - Great Depression - World Wars I and II - (Now? - Mobility of workers, visas, passports and security) VII. What initially cause globalization (ancient and middle ages)? A. Military force drove global integration (often inspired by religion or imperialism, or a combination of both) VIII. What are causes of globalization 2.0? A. 1800-2000 (interrupted by the Great Depression and the World Wars) B. - Multinational corporations drove global integration C. - Technological innovation in hardware enabled pursuit of new markets – steamships, railroads, telephones, computers D. - Breakdown of Soviet system symbolized the end of this period of globalization: â€Å"the walls fell down† IX. WhatShow MoreRelatedInternational Business Study Guide5732 Words   |  23 PagesBachelor of Business (Management) BUSM1227 – International Business International Business: Course Review Jan 2013 Appealed From Miss. Janice Tan – Program Manager HE 6 (RMIT Programs) 1. Sign-Up For The SIM-RMIT Business Plan Competition (Top Prize – A$25,000) 2. End Of Course Evaluation – Although NOT Mandatory; SIM Would Appreciate Your Constructive Feedback To Improve On: ïÆ' ¼ ïÆ' ¼ ïÆ' ¼ ïÆ' ¼ ïÆ' ¼ Subject Content, Lecturer Effectiveness, IT Facilities, Library, and Programme Management. 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Dell Computer Corporation Evaluating Client Business Risk Free ... www.papercamp.com/group/dell-computer-corporation.../page-0‎ Dell Computer Corporation Case 2.2: financial statements therefore theRead MoreKey Elements of Corporate Social Responsibility of Companies Operating in Global Markets891 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Key Elements of Corporate Social Responsibility of Companies Operating in Global Markets Objective The objective of this study is to analyze key elements of corporate social responsibility of companies operating in global markets and to evaluate the progress made by international agencies and NGOs in establishing international standards for this area. Introduction The work of Kytle and Ruggie (2005) states that there are three aspects of the global operating environment that are necessaryRead MoreThe Human Rights And Csr980 Words   |  4 Pagesmost of the human rights treaties has no teeth and does not enact direct legal obligations on companies, therefore, it became part of the companies CSR. Prime example to that is the Multinational enterprise (MNE) as the MNE is not subject of the international law; consequently, the rights and obligations regarding human rights and CSR are fairly vague. On the same hand, the UN guiding principles are soft law as they impose â€Å"voluntary standards† for corporations. Nevertheless, it is imperative that theRead MoreIssues in Global Business1296 Words   |  6 PagesModule Title Issues in Global Business and Strategic Concepts       Module Code 6IM 501      Module Level 6 Credit value 40      Total Number 400 of Learning Hours Key Words Implementation of Global strategy, strategy and the organisation, strategic development, globalisation, international business and the environment, internationalisation.      Module Description There has been a fundamental shiftRead MoreA Research Proposal For Otago Polytechnic Essay1077 Words   |  5 Pageseducation provider in New Zealand, which has three campuses in different parts of NZ, But here we will only Discuss about the Auckland international campus that is only for international students. This campus mainly offers career based courses which are Business, hospitality and NZ diplomas. We are performing a research in order to enrich the overall performance of international student in Auckland campus regarding their issues which they generally face in respect of accommodation, new culture, stress, communication

Dementia Essay - 3997 Words

Unit 4222-237 SADIE LEWIS Outcome 1 1.1 Dementia is the progressive decline in the cognitive function, involving all aspects of perception, thinking, reasoning and remembering. This is largely to do with damage or disease. This is progressive and leads to the deterioration of the mind, affecting an individual’s ability to concentrate on daily tasks. The memory is often affected, causing them to forget people, dates and events that are recent to them, behaviour can be erratic and noticeably different than is usual for them, and the ability to control feelings is also affected. As the disease progresses as do the signs and symptoms. 1.2 The progressive decline in cognitive function affects the following key functions†¦show more content†¦Age related memory impairment: Age related memory loss, is an inevitable part of getting older, the brain slows down as does the processing of information mild cognitive impairment. Signs that an individual has age related impairment are forgetfulness, losing things, names of people they know, roads they know, easily distracted, slower at accessing information as quick as they used to. This is all normal and to be expected as we get older, and is not considered serious as long as the individual, is able to live independently, common sense, achieve tasks as they have always done and are able to hold a conversation, occassionaly forgetting the odd word, be able to recall information forgotten earlier. Severe memory loss is cause for concern and could be a sign Dementia, signs that differ from aged related are that dementia affects an individual’s ability to functi on, it disables them, disrupting their work, social activities, and family relationships. Individuals with dementia will have difficulty performing their usual day to day tasks like paying bills, washing up, changing clothes, forgetting how to do things they have done many times before. They often don’t remember times when they have had memory loss even when it is recalled to them. Get lost and disorientated easily even when in familiar surroundings, repetitive phrases and stories often in the same conversation. Outcome 2 2.1 The medical model of dementia is aShow MoreRelatedTypes of Dementia1550 Words   |  7 PagesDEMENTIA’S Dementia is a vague term used to describe a person that has loss of memory and change in behavior and activities. It goes beyond the forgetfulness and absent minded. It is commonly used In reference to the elderly, when cognitive abilities start to slip from one’s own control. Dementia cannot be diagnosed due to memory loss alone. It must be accompanied by two or more interruptions of brain function. Individuals who suffer from a disease that causes dementia undergo a number of changesRead MoreThe Origins And Development Of Dementia1431 Words   |  6 PagesDevelopment of Dementia Dementia is a disease that affects a vast number of Americans, and people worldwide. As people grow and live longer in today’s world the cases of clinical dementia are increasing. There are many causes of dementia, equally leading to different forms and symptoms of this disease. Most causes of dementia are known, and labeled in order to establish proper treatment. Alzheimer’s disease is the most common form of dementia, accounting for more than half of all people with dementia. TheRead MoreOverview of Dementia Essay988 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Margaret is a 77 year old who has a diagnosis of dementia and type 2 diabetes mellitus. She has been recently separated from her daughter who was her primary carer and her husband who were both unable to cope with her agitated behaviour. Margaret now resides in an age care facility. Margaret’s mental and emotional health is a cause for concern and the family are upset and are struggling with feelings of guilt and anger. This paper with discuss the intervention professional healthcareRead MoreDementia And Alzheimer s Dementia995 Words   |  4 PagesDementia and Alzheimer s Dementia and Alzheimer’s was discovered by Dr. Alois Alzheimer. He discovered both of them, dementia is like Alzheimer’s just not as severe. Dementia has several different types, these include Alzheimer s disease, vascular dementia, Lewy body dementia and Front temporal dementia. The first changes you notice with dementia is Cognitive changes. These include memory loss, difficulty communicating or finding words, difficulty with complex tasks, difficulty with planningRead MoreThe Common Types Of Dementia1013 Words   |  5 PagesDementia can be defined as a decline in mental ability severe enough to interfere with daily life (alz.org). More than often, individuals affected by dementia are over the age of 65. In the United States, there are more than three million cases of dementia each year. According to World Health Organization, the number of people living with dementia is currently estimated at 47.5 million worldwide and is expected to increase to 75.6 million by 2030 (World Health Organization 2015). Dementia is causedRead MoreSymptoms And Diagnosis Of Dementia987 Words   |  4 PagesAn estimated 47.5 million people suffer from dementia. Every 4 seconds one new case of dementia is diagnosed. Dementia is a term that describes certain symptoms such as impairment to memory, communication and thinking. It is a group of symptoms and not just one illness. Even though one‘s chance of getting dementia increase with age, it is not a part of aging. Dementia is usually diagnosed after a series of assessments that includes a physical evaluation, memory tests, imaging studies and bloodRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Dementia1428 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Dementia is a disorder that leads to a gradual loss of the cognitive capacity of an individual, ultimately affecting one’s daily activities. Dementia does manifests through the accompanying disorders because it does not exist on its own. In other words, dementia is a disorder that comes about through the existence of the related disorders. The main ones are four, but they are not the only disorders that cause dementia. These include Lewy Bodies dementia (LBD), Alzheimer’s disease (AD)Read MoreDealing With Dementia Essay979 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"Ted sought a diagnosis after being terminated from his job. Little did anyone know his memory and performance issues were due to a disease. (Life with ALZ)† This disease causes the loss of brain function that occurs with certain diseases. Dementia, is one form of this disease that gradually gets worse over time. It affects memory, thinking, and behavior. (WebMD, 1995) â€Å"Changes that take place in the brains of people. These brain changes may cause the memory loss and decline in other mentalRead MoreTaking a Look at Dementia1237 Words   |  5 PagesPeople with Dementia suffer with the mental inability to function daily in their life. It is not a specific disease but is a term that includes a range of symptoms that includes the loss of memory and cognitive skills that are severe enough to impair a person’s ability to function in everyday life. Alzheimer’s disease is one type of dementia. (What is Dementia) Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia. Symptoms of AD include loss of memory, inability to tell what time ofRead Morencfe dementia awareness3600 Words   |  15 Pages1 Explain what is meant by the term ‘dementia’ Learner answer 1 dementia is not a disease or illness its an overall term which describes a wide range of symptoms associated with a decline in memories or a persons other mental abilities which in turn can reduce a persons ability to perform everyday tasks. 2a Incorporating your assessment pack and using the diagram as a guide, describe the key functions of the brain that can be affected by dementia. a) Name area 1 of the brain and its key function

Radiology Tech free essay sample

For many years I was influenced by the work of some young ambitious doctors, and I truly admired their courage, determination and dedication to their noble profession. Now, I am particularly interested in radiologic technology, because nowadays it is having wide application and enjoying good demand in medical circles, in particular, sonography, MR tomography or other diagnostic imaging techniques. The role of radiologic technologists in diagnosing various diseases is significant, because within the last decades, modern radiologic technology has been significantly developing. Now it allows detecting and monitoring a huge variety of injuries or malfunctions of the organs of human organism, starting from bone fractures and ending with different forms of cancer. I am particularly attracted by this occupation due to its dynamism, flexibility and opportunity to deal with the patients, who have different types of health problems. I think that I have good social skills and personal qualities for doing this job well, because I always like working and communicating with people, supporting them, looking for ways to give them positive emotions and stimulate their will for recovery. We will write a custom essay sample on Radiology Tech or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is also important that becoming a radiologic technologist will allow me to specialize at a number of prospective clinical areas. In particular, it is possible to specialize on MR imaging, which is highly applied in detecting pathologic tissues in human brains, etc. Modern sonography has also very wide diagnostic application, starting form obstetrics and ending with vascular medicine. The other opportunities include cardiovascular-interventional radiography, computed tomography, mammography, nuclear medicine, and others. In addition to everything above, I am considering becoming a member of the team which works on detecting and treating different types of cancer. I understand that patients with cancer are in need of special care. Moreover, frequently they need some physical help or psychological support and attention, and I believe that I have all necessary resources to provide them with this. Besides, I am a good and responsible team member. I always enjoy any form of collaboration with other people on solving one or another problem, because it brings me more opportunities to socialize and to learn new things. I suppose that, generally, my professional responsibilities as a radiologic technologist will include interviewing people and obtaining accurate information about their health condition; performing all required technical diagnostic procedures (like electrocardiograms, basic X-rays, MR or other imaging, etc. ); analyzing the information received in order to facilitate the process of making correct diagnosis; assisting physicians and other specialists in providing patients with quality medical care, etc. I know that nowadays, radiologic technologists are in very good demand and it is not a problem for these specialists to find a job in a hospital or a clinic. Probably, after receiving the certificate, I will choose to be back to my hometown and look for the opportunities to start my professional career in a public hospital, diagnostic center or medical laboratory. I suppose, I’ll find there perfect environment for gaining proper professional experience and obtaining all necessary qualities to advance as a sufficient medical specialist. I think that I am highly motivated and challenged to succeed in my chosen future occupation: medicine. It is the greatest ambition of my life to find myself in this most humanistic and respectable professions on earth, which is my true honorable calling. I believe that this job will bring me good reward and a lot of satisfaction, as well as numerous opportunities for personal development and growth. Bibliography: †¢ Radiologic Technologists and Technicians. (2006, August 4). Occupational Outlook Handbook by Bureau of Labor Statistics, the U. S. Department of Labor. Retrieved February 27, 2007, from the World Wide Web: .

Rousseau Social Contract The social pact comes dow Essays

Rousseau Social Contract The social pact comes down to this; " Each one of us puts into the community his person and all his powers under the supreme direction of the general will; and as a body, we incorporate every member as an indivisible part of the whole " (Rousseau). The general will can itself direct the forces of the state with the intention of the whole ' s primary goal - which is the common good. The general will does not allow private opinions to prevail. The union of the people, in its passive role is known as the State and is referred to as the Sovereign in its active state. Associates of the body politic are communally known as the people, and individually referred to as citizens or subjects. The primary problem to which the social contract holds the solution is based on the total alienation of each associate to the entire community. Rousseau proposes that every individual give himself absolutely and apply the same conditions for each and every one to result in an agreement where it is in no ones interest to make the conditions burdensome for others. The critiques of this contract are so specifically determined by ones actions, that the slightest amendment must make the agreement invalid; it is crucial to obtain a unanimous recognition and admittance by the whole. If the social pact is desecrated, every man regains his inborn rights to recover his natural freedom, and loses the civil freedom in which he bargained for. Stop. The existence of natural freedom is the argument in which I intend to pursue against Rousseau. This thought shall be revisited in a short while. Rousseau implies upon freedom the definition of the sovereign; it is a reason; a collaboration with others; a civil expression of the general will. Rousseau ' s conclusion stipulates the absolute surrender of ones rights into a union; also referred to as the republic, the body politic, the state, the sovereign and as the power when compared to others o f its own kind. His conclusion is however split into three subsets. Rousseau first states that since everyone in the social pact is summoned to the same conditions, it will be of no ones interest to inconvenience others. Secondly, he states that since the alienation is unconditional, no individual citizen has any rights to claim of their own. If these rights were left to the individuals, they would revert to their natural state of own judgements in the absence of authority. And finally, Rousseau adds to his conclusion by affirming that " since each man gives himself to all, he gives himself to no one " (Rousseau); meaning that since there is no associate that he doesn ' t gain the same rights as others gain over him, each man regains the equivalent of everything he loses; gaining more than what he initially had. The first premise that Rousseau puts forward is that during a lifetime, each man will come to an obstacle that will endanger his safety and that he w ill not be able to conquer within his state of nature because it will have a power greater than his strength. What he implies with this premise is that if solitary men were continually facing the obstacles alone, the human race would eventually perish. Rousseau presents this premise as an assumption. It can be safely assumed that most people come across obstacles during their lifetime. These obstacles are hidden within births, deaths, illnesses, monetary based issues, education, relationships, weather, governments, war, etc. The meaning of an obstacle is anything that will hinder ones performance; an impediment that has the power to abolish the human race. The second premise provides that since men cannot create new forces to overcome these obstacles, they can combine and organize their existing forces to protect themselves. Meaning that by uniting their separate powers, they can achieve a congruent force strong enough to prevail over any form of obstruction. This second p remise follows Rousseau ' s first premise adequately. First, he presents the inevitable obstacle and then he follows to state that a sum of forces is required to overcome barriers that are too strong. Succeeding the premises,

Current Trends In Us Education Essay

Current Trends In Us Education Essay Current Trends In Us Education Essay Current Trends in U .S. Education EDU 210 Current Trends in U .S. Education ââ€" ª Educational choices ââ€" ª How government role changes education ââ€" ª Reform of public high school ââ€" ª Technological reliance within the classroom U .S. Education: Today and Tom orrow With the technology of today, distance learning has not ever been so easy. From the comfort of the classroom, it is now possible to connect globally to other lectures and lessons of around the world, expanding the realms of teaching. Causes of change in education As once being students ourselves and now becoming teachers, we have seen many causes in society that have changed education and we will continue to see change based on the needs of society in the future, such as: ââ€" ª Policies/ Politics ââ€" ª Economy ââ€" ª Demographics and social status ââ€" ª Media trends ââ€" ª Cultures ââ€" ª Issues around the world Increasing Choices of Education Public School Basic educational needs and requirements for high education Homeschooling Gives the parent complete control of the curriculum to tailor to the needs of the child for future success Virtual Schools Allows for focus in certain areas to maintain higher standards for specific needs Parents have more options of educational paths to take for their children than the old fashioned public school basics. There are more options given in today’s world to accommodate those that are focusing on certain studies or career goals. EducationalO ptions Reform in Today’s Public Schools High school graduates of today are required to obtain more real world knowledge than before the technology boom. With the creation of more computer centered careers, the need to reform basic requirements for the real world has increased. Reforming the public school curriculum and graduation requirements has become a fine tuning event to accommodate the needs of the increasing rate of non college seekers due to poverty level. H igh SchoolReform Reform offers More career learning opportunities for non-college seekers Gives real world lessons and life preparedness Opportunity to explore different career paths and plan for higher education or certification requirements Technology With technology consuming most of the lives of student’s, education has adapted to the advancements to create a more comfortable learning environment. Along with having the knack for technology, it allows students to do more with access to more. Technology ââ€" ª Technology has brought new avenues of learning to the classroom. Bringing speakers into the class from afar. Even step by step participation has advanced with the new age learning through technology. ââ€" ª Technology has made a more hands on approach to enhance education. The Im pact on Future Education ââ€" ª The trends that are currently taking over education will greatly impact the way

Porters Strategy and the internet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Porters Strategy and the internet - Essay Example Economic value is important because it influences consumer decision to buy a product even above its production cost. Secondly, potential profitability is higher if a company sets itself apart from other businesses as much as possible from the benefits it offers, to the conduct of its business and to the necessary trade-offs it decides to make. A company’s ability to set itself apart from the rest in the market is also reflected in the way it makes and adopts business choices and practices that are integrated into and interdependent with the rest of the system making itself virtually difficult to duplicate. All of the above, however, is only feasible if the company adopts and maintains a continuity of direction repudiating if need be, emerging business practices that tend to veer it away from its established reputation and practices. 2.0Criticisms of the Strategic Positioning View There are several perspectives that conflict with the strategic positioning view of Porter. Barney (1991), for example, although essentially echoing Porter’s six-point formula for strategic positioning especially with respect to good value, uniqueness and inimitability, leans towards resource-based perspective rather than the market-based perspective of Porter (1996) (1991 p 106). On the other hand, Prahalad (1990) subscribes to the idea that a company that can easily adapt itself to the changing market boundaries by an ability to invent or enter new markets or swing customer choices has the more competitive edge.... A company’s ability to set itself apart from the rest in the market is also reflected in the way it makes and adopts business choices and practices that are integrated into and interdependent with the rest of the system making itself virtually difficult to duplicate. All of the above, however, are only feasible if the company adopts and maintains a continuity of direction repudiating, if need be, emerging business practices that tend to veer it away from its established reputation and practices (Porter 2001 63-78; Porter 1996 61-78). 2.0 Criticisms of the Strategic Positioning View There are several perspectives that conflict with the strategic positioning view of Porter. Barney (1991), for example, although essentially echoing Porter’s six-point formula for strategic positioning especially with respect to good value, uniqueness and inimitability, leans towards resource-based perspective rather than the market-based perspective of Porter (1996) (1991 p 106). On the othe r hand, Prahalad (1990) subscribes to the idea that a company that can easily adapt itself to the changing market boundaries by an ability to invent or enter new markets or swing customer choices has more competitive edge. This dynamism essentially conflicts with Porter’s advocacy for strategic continuity to preserve firm identity and reputation. For Prahalad, core competencies or a firm’s collective learning is the heart of a company’s competitive advantage as opposed to Porter’s strategic positioning. Pitt (2001) likewise believes that changes that are now taking place are too fast and the best thing that companies can do is not to rely only on tangible assets but more on intangible assets such as

Case Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Case Analysis - Essay Example m, and CollegeWikis.com—hope to come in.† (Facebook Faces Up, 2008) Facebook has increased it user base by opening admission to all: â€Å"In June, 11.5 million of the individual visitors to the site were 35 or older, more than double the number a year before, according to market researcher ComScore Media Metrix† (Facebook Faces Up, 2008). Now at 33 Million subscribers total Facebook’s worth has been estimated between 1 and 4 billion dollars. However the increase in size has contributed to more site downtime and possible problems with security that are slowly being addressed. In analyzing Facebook’s position in the marketplace, as table 1 on the next page shows, there are some key factors for the company as well as its competition to be explored. Facebook is the number two site for all social networking website as of April 2008. While MySpace is certainly dominating the field it has not grown as dramatically as Facebook has done. More recent numbers, as stated above, have put Facebook even closer with 33 million subscribers since opening its doors to all users in May. Furthermore, according to most reports, the college age users that have currently been using Facebook do not seem to be switching services any time soon. While other companies are attempting to fill the college niche market, they have not successfully created an easier to use platform with as much Web presence as Facebook. However, as this table reveals and many analysts agree with, LinkedIn is quickly increasing its user base and with some changes in its website structure and presence, may soon represent some valid competition for both Facebook and MySpace. While Facebook is certainly growing by leaps and bounds it may be time to consider partnering with other companies whose infrastructures have proven successful and who may assist FaceBook with the challenge of growth and security that it currently faces. Recent refusal to partner with Googel, Yahoo1 and others may only be

World War II in Japan Essay Example for Free

World War II in Japan Essay A case of implementation of import substitution industrialization can be examined with the help of the example of Brazil. Brazil was the country which carried the policy of import substitution industrialization later than other underdeveloped countries. The economists in Brazil carefully analyzed its effects and were planning the industrial development of the country while the other countries started import substitution mainly by accident. It is important to note that Brazil initially had all the chances for success in the policy of import substitution, since its population goes up to 170 million, which makes Brazil the fifth largest country in the world. Also Brazil is the fifth largest country by its land area. And finally, Brazil is rich in forest reserves, minerals, navigable rivers agricultural land, and hydroelectric capability. The development of Brazilian economy in the period from 1950 to the 1970s confirmed the most optimistic views. Brazil with its rich resources and reserves was called â€Å"the land of the future†. In 1950 Brazil attempted to establish the largest industry of motor vehicle having practically no sufficient basis. Thirty years later aircraft of Brazil were working on commuter airlines on the United States. Brazilian shoes spread everywhere. Moreover, Brazil opened up the richest iron mine in the world and Brazilians found out the capital city on the place where previously had been a roadless jungle and built the network of roads going deep into Amazon. When the oil prices rose and began threatening the development of Brazil economy, Brazilians launched huge hydroelectric projects to operate the growing industries of the Golden Triangle, which included Sao Paulo Rio de Janeiro, and Belo Horizonte and required the new automobiles to run on rum instead of gasoline. At the beginning of the 1980s even pessimists agreed that Brazil was â€Å"the country of future†, however added â€Å"and always will be†. The growth of Brazil stopped, when it was almost close to ripening. The modern cities in Brazil coexist together with miserable shanty-towns surrounded with open sewers. The roads are shared by modern vehicles and hand carts. The wages of Brazilian executives are the highest in the world, but at the same time average workers hardly reach subsistence level. Some economists call Brazil a Switzerland within an India. Other economists consider that the case of Brazil brightly illustrates economic growth without economic development. Economist Celso Furtado characterized the state of Brazilian economy in the following way: â€Å"The Brazilian economy constitutes a very interesting example of how far a country can go in the process of industrialization without abandoning its main features of underdevelopment: great disparity in productivity between urban and rural areas, a large majority of the population living at a physiological subsistence level, increasing masses of unemployed people in the urban zones, etc. † By the 1950s the industrial development by means of import substitution had been already a planned process in Brazil. New industries were protected from the foreign competition with the help of a number of methods. Basic industries (for example, steel, electrical power, petroleum reining) became either fully owned by state or received direct subsidies. Law of Similars aimed at putting high tariffs (sometimes tariffs went up to 300%) on imported goods as soon as any domestic firm somewhere in Brazil started manufacturing something ‘similar’. The industries considered high priority always could be credited under favorable terms by a national development bank. For some period of time, the government even set multiple exchange rates in order to lower the cost of imported capital equipment while the price of imported finished goods was kept expensive. One of the growing Brazilian industries in the mid of twentieth century was motor vehicles. The government hoped that foreign financing would help to expand Brazilian firms which were already producing motor parts, bus bodies, truck and so on and soon would turn them into real vehicle manufacturers. But this approach had to be changed for the government of Brazil faced the reluctance of American government to extend loans and the disapproval of the firms from Europe and the USA who owned a critical technology. The world famous giants Fiat General Motors, Mercedes Volkswagen, and Ford were threatened to lose their markets in Brazil if they did not manufacture vehicles within the country. It is important to note that modern manufacturing, in particular the production of appliances, motor vehicles, TVs and so on is a complex process that requires substantial knowledge and skill. Final assembly became possible in Brazil since it was the last stage of production and required the least skill. So, launching modern industries Brazil could start with final assembly and gradually came to more complicated â€Å"backwards†, which included more difficult procedures. For example, Volkswagen could start importing complete parts, such as engines, wheels etc. and assemble them in Sao Paulo plant. The tariffs allowed Volkswagen to sell 1960 30% Brazilian Beetle for twice what Europeans would pay even if the quality was not that high. Eventually, most of the parts became produced in Brazil and the quality of assembly improved. Gradually, the competition from Brazilian Fiats, Fords, and Chevrolets pushed the price down. In this way, Brazilian motor vehicle industry became more and more efficient and even in the 1970s Brazil exported subassemblies and parts to America and to the European countries. By 1980 Brazil started exporting entire vehicles. When import substitution industrialization was implemented in Latin America, the drawbacks of the policy soon revealed themselves. In Brazil as well as in other Latin America countries import substitution model led to foreign ownership in all the sectors in industry except those occupied by state enterprise. When the interests of foreign firms were threatened by Brazilian taxes, environmental or labor legislation, American, German, Italian, British Japanese or French owners were quick to call on their state departments. In particular, the Department of the United States defined one of its key objects as establishing favorable business climate. This meant undermining Brazilian government. Thus, in 1964 some Brazilian generals, being encouraged by American officials, made an attempt to overthrow constitutional government of their country. Another drawback of import substitution industrialization revealed in the fact that this policy led to huge foreign debts. It was not accidental, that Brazil and Mexico ran into debts in order to cover the expenses of their infrastructure development. The development of infrastructure needs a large number of hard currency imports. If infrastructure grows and increases exports together with hard currency earnings, a country can borrow in dollars. Then, under such condition, the country has to earn dollars in order to make the interest payments. But import substitution requires borrowing in dollars for the purpose of economic development of the domestic production that will not necessarily expand exports. By the end of the seventies the countries of Latin America faced the problem: Where to go next? And the next logical step was to export the goods which had been already produced efficiently. By the middle of the eighties Brazil became the largest exporter of shoes and coffee, among ten major exports to America, six were manufactured projects. Nevertheless, the expansion of manufactured goods made Brazilian economy vulnerable to retaliatory tariffs. Moreover, in the 1980s Brazil as well as other underdeveloped countries of Latin America did not manage to pursue the next layer of import substitution ( in particular, microchips, computers, capital equipment), although they attempted to create open markets for their manufactured consumer goods. Unlike the nations of Latin America, the majority of East Asian nations rejected the policy of import substitution industrialization. Due to this, as many economists think, East Asia had its superior performance in the seventies and the eighties of the twentieth century. Generally speaking, the Asian growth had started before World War II in Japan. The process of Asian growth included three groups of countries whose economic â€Å"miracle† began at different times:

farming :: essays research papers

Farming I am doing my paper on farming because that is my job and the pay gets s me through college. Farming is a very important and a very hard job at times. A lot of farmers don’t get much credit for all the work they do and they don’t get much pay for it either. When most farmers grow in age they start to get crippled and start to get arthritis. All farmers have a few stories about their experiences on the farm. I am going to tell you about some of mine and some of my boss’s. The other things I am going to wrote about in this paper is some of the equipment we use, the number of cows he milks, the animals he has on his farm, stuff about his family and himself. The farm I work at is located by Gilman, Wisconsin. It is one of the biggest farms in that area. The farm that I work on is owned by Earl Oberlin. He is fifty-five years old and has been farming for more than twenty years; before he started farming he haled gravel for a place called Olympics Trucking. He worked there for ten years and really didn’t like it a hole lot. He has four kids and there are three boys and one girl. He has been married for about twenty-five years and his wife is an Elementary Pry. Ed. teacher G-man. The names of his kids are Shauna, Dave, Chad, Dinettes, and his wife’s name is Mrs. Obverse. He started out milking cows with just pipe line and regular milers. Now he uses automatic take off millers and that is lot easier on his back that is why he said he got them. He uses seven milers while he only milks about sixty-four cows and that only takes us on a good day about an hour in a half. Earl owns about three hundred and fifty acres of land at this point and most of it is farmland that he uses for crops. He has Twenty calves and twelve heifers in his barn right now. Some of the machines that he uses are a TMR mixer that mixes all of the feed for the cows up and there is an elevator that comes off the end of the mixer and puts it in the bunk were the cows go to eat it.

Traco vs Arrow

After a bench trial, the trial court held for Arrow solely under the theory of promissory estoppel and awarded Arrow Judgment against Traco for damages in the amount of $ 75,843. 38, plus attorneys' fees and prejudgment interest. Issue Appellant supplier sought review of a Judgment from the 45th District Court of Bexar County (Texas), awarding appellee subcontractor damages, plus attorneys' fees and prejudgment interest, in an action brought for promissory estoppel and negligence for appellant's failure to supply glass doors at the quoted price.Rule The court affirmed the Judgment of the lower court in favor of appellee subcontractor, finding that promissory estoppel was a viable cause of action in a bid construction case. The court found that the award of damages based on this theory was factually supported by the evidence, and that there was statutory authority for the award of attorneys' fees. The determination of the rate of prejudgment interest also was proper. Analysis Appellan t initially argues that the trial court erred in rendering Judgment for Arrow ecause Traco's bid was revocable and properly withdrawn thirty days after it was made.Appellant primarily relies upon the argument that its sliding doors are goods as defined by the Texas Business and Commerce Code, therefore, S 2. 205 of this code is controlling. Nevertheless, appellant's arguments ignore the appellee's basic contention and legal theory under which this suit was brought. Appellee sought relief under the equitable doctrine of promissory estoppel on the premise that appellant's romises, by way of its oral bid, caused appellee to substantially rely to its detriment.Consequently, appellant's assertion that its subsequent letter confirming this bid somehow invokes the application of the Uniform Commercial Code ignores the fact that the appellee relied to its detriment when it reduced its bid based on a telephone conversation with the appellant, prior to the time appellant's confirmation letter was sent or received. Thus, any subsequent written document is irrelevant to Arrow's cause of action; appellant's first point is rejected.Having resolved that the Uniform Commercial Code does not apply under these facts, we must now resolve whether the equitable theory of promissory estoppel applies to bid construction cases and, if so, whether this doctrine applies under the specific tacts ot this case . While no Texas case has previously applied the theory of promissory estoppel in a bid construction case, other Jurisdictions have consistently applied this doctrine under similar facts, recognizing the necessity for equity in view of the lack of other remedies. Conclusion also was proper.

Cyber Terrorism and Cyber Crime - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2423 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/09/23 Category Advertising Essay Type Argumentative essay Tags: Crime Essay Terrorism Essay Did you like this example? CERTAINTY OF CONTRACT There are two aspects to the issue of uncertainty. (1) The language used may be too vogue in which case, the court is likely to hold that there is no concluded agreement , the contract is void for uncertainty. (2) Failure to reach agreement on a vital or fundamental term of an agreement. SECTION 30 1. Agreements, the meaning of which is not uncertain, or capable of being made certain, are void. * If A agrees to sell to B ‘a hundred tons of oil’ , there is nothing whatever to show what kind of oil was intended and thus , the agreement is void for uncertainty. . Where the meaning is unclear but it is capable of being made certain, the agreement is not void for uncertainty. * A agrees to sell to B ‘one thousand gantangs of rice at a price to be fixed by C’. As the price is capable of being made certain, there is no uncertainty here to make the agreement void. KARUPPAN CHETTY v SUAH THIAN In Karuppan Chetty v. Suah Thian (1916) 1 F. M. S. L. R. 300 , the contract was declared void for uncertainty because the parties agreed to lease of $35 per month ‘for as long as he likes’. The terms are uncertain as the duration of the lease is not specified or capable of being made certain. Free Consent To form a valid contract, it is important that parties agree to contract freely and without any form of force or external influence which clouds a person’s mind. SECTION 10 * All agreements are contracts if they are made by the free consent of parties competent to contract, for a lawful consideration and with a lawful object are not hereby exspressly declared to be void Free consent is the basis of a contractual relationship. There must be a meeting of the minds as to the nature and scope of the contract, a consensus ad idem. The consent of the parties must be given freely and voluntarily. SECTION 13 * Two or more persons are said to consent when they agree upon the same thing in the same sense. S ECTION 14 * Consent is said to be free when it is not caused by: coercion undue influence fraud misrepresentation mistake EFFECT OF VOID AND VOIDABLE CONTRACT * According to section 2 (g), an agreement not enforceable by law is said to be void. When the agreement is void, no rights are given to the parties, and no obligations are imposed on them. * An agreement which is void has no legal effect ab initio * According to section 2 (i) states that an agreement not enforceable by law at the option of one more of the parties thereto, but not at the option of the other or others, is a voidable contract. * In a voidable contract, one of the parties is given the choice, either to continue the contract or to discontinue the contract. The agreement is valid and binding until the party who is entitled to rescind the contract chooses to do so. * When the party who is entitled to rescind a voidable contract exercises his option to rescind the contract, the consequence is as stated in: SECTI ON 65 * When a person at whose option a contract is voidable rescinds it, the other party thereto need not perform any promise therein contained in which he is promisor. The party rescinding a voidable contract shall, if he has received any benefit thereunder from another party to such contract, restore he benefit so far as may be, to the person from whom it was received. * On the other hand, the consequence of a void contract is stated in: SECTION 66 * When an agreement is discovered to be void, or when a contract become void, any person who has received any advantage under the agreement or contract is bound to restore it, or to make compensation for it, to the person from whom he received it. * If the contract is void, there is no option to proceed with the contract. The contract must come to an end and whatever benefits received therefrom must be restored to the party who gave the benefits. COERCION * According to the section 15, coercion is the committing, or threatening to c ommit any act forbidden by the Penal Code, or unlawful detaining or threatening to detain any property. * Examples of an act forbidden by the Penal Code are causing grievous hurt, kidnapping, criminal force and assault, rape. The effect of a contract entered into as a result of coercion is that the contract is voidable. According to the section 19 (1), when consent to an agreement is caused by coercion, fraud, or misrepresentation, the agreement is a contract voidable at the option of the party, whose consent was so caused. KESARMAL/O LETCHMAN DAS v VALIAPPA CHETTIAR A transfer of property which was made under the order of the Sultan, issued in the ominous presence of 2 Japanese officers during the Japanese occupation of Malaysia was held to be not valid. This is because, the consent given was not free and therefore the transfer became voidable at the will of the party whose consent was so caused. UNDUE INFLUENCE * This happens where one of the parties to a contract, entered i nto such contract by influence of the party who was able to influence him. SECTION 16 (1) A contract is said to be induced by â€Å"undue influence† where the relations subsisting between the parties are such that one of the parties is in a position to dominate the will of the other and uses that position to obtain an unfair advantage over the other. RAGUNATH PRASAD v SARJU PRASAD In this case, the court held that 3 matters are to be dealt with under: SECTION 16 (3) The relations between the parties to each other must be such that one is in a position to dominate the will of the other * The issue whether the contract has been induced by undue influence * The burden of proving that the contract was not induced by undue influence lies upon the person who was in a position to dominate the will of the other PRESUMPTION OF DOMINATION * In certain circumstances, a party is deemed by law, to be in position to dominate the will of another SECTION 16 (2) (a) and (b) In particular and without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing principle, a person is deemed to be in a position to dominate the will of another: * Where he holds a real or apparent authority over the other, or where he stands in a fiduclary relation to the other * Where he makes a contract with a person whose mental capacity is temporarily or permanently affected by reason of age, illness, or mental or bodily distress * By virtue of section 16 (2) (a) and (b) there are 3 situations in which the law presumes domination of will to exists: * When one party holds a real authority over the other Where one party stands in a fiduclary relationship to the other * Where a party makes a contract with a person whose mental capacity is temporarily or permanently affected by reason of age, illness or mental or body distress * In such situations, the plaintiff does not have to prove the contract being unconscionable * If the dominating party claims that there is no domination of will, the burden to rebut the presumption of domination lies on him by giving evidence to the court * The effect of undue influence in a contract is that the contract is voidable as stated: SECTION 20 * when consent to an agreement is caused by undue influence, the agreement is a contract voidable at the option of the party whose consent was so caused. Any such contract may be set aside either absolutely or, if the party who is entitled to avoid it has received any benefit thereunder, upon such terms and conditions as the court may seem just. SALWATH HANEEM v HADJEE ABDULLAH The plaintiff’s husband made a conveyance of property belonging to himself and the plaintiff to his brother’s B and C. The plaintiff initially agreed to the conveyance but after her husband’s death, she brought an action seeking to set aside the agreement on the ground of undue influence. It was held that a confidential relationship existed between the plaintiff and B and C. Therefore the burden of proof was on B and C to show that the plaintiff fully understood the agreement and had agreed to the conveyance freely and without being subject to undue influence. Since both B and C failed to discharge the burden, the contract of conveyance was set aside. FRAUD * According to the SECTION 17 is includes any of the following acts committed by a party to a contract, or with his connivance, or by his agent, with the intent to deceive another party thereto or his agent, or to induce him to enter to the contract. DERRY v PEEK It was decided by the court in this case that fraud is proven when it is shown that false representation has been made either: * Knowingly * Without belief in its truth * Recklessly, careless whether it be true or false ELEMENTS OF FRAUD * There must be a false representation The representee must have relied on the repsentation WEBER v BROWN Plaintiff sued Defendant for damages in respect of an alleged false and fraudulent misrepresentation relating to the number of rubber tress on an estate which he purchased. The number of trees represented was more than that which actually existed on the estate. It was that the Defendant had made the alleged misrepresentation falsely and fraudulently MISREPRESENTATION * It is a false statement made by the representor, and which such false representation induces the other party to enter into a contract. According to SECTION 18 misrepresentation includes: * The positive assertion, in a manner not warranted by the information of the person making it, of that which is not true, though he believes it to be true * any breach of duty which, without intent to deceive, gives an advantage to the person committing it, or anyone claiming under him, misleading another to his prejudice, or to the prejudice of anyone claiming under him * causing, however innocently, a party to an agreement to make a mistake as to the substance of the thing which is the subject of the agreement ELEMENT OF MISREPRESENTATION * There must be false representation, either through a positive statement or some conduct * The representation must be one of fact, not a mere expression of opinion * The statement was addressed to the party mislead * The representation must induce the mislead party to enter into the contract * The party misled must prove that he was induced by the representation * He cannot be said to have been induced by the representation did not influence his mind at the time of entering into the contract or he was aware hat the statement was untrue. EXPLANATION SECTION 19 A fraud or misrepresentation which did not cause the consent to a contract of the party on whom the fraud was practiced, if the representation to whom the misrepresentation was made, does not render a contract voidable. ILLUSTRATION (b) to SECTION 19 A, by a misrepresentation, leads B erroneously to believe that 500 gantangs of indigo are made annually at A’s factory. B examines the accounts of the factory, which show that only 400 gantangs of indigo have been made. After this, B buys the factory. The contract is not voidable on account of A’s misrepresentation. * The effect of misrepresentation in a contract is that the contract becomes voidable as provided in SECTION 19 (1) * If the mislead party chooses to affirm the contract, he is entitled to damages as provided under SECTION 19 (2): * A party to a contract whose consent was caused by fraud or misrepresentation, may, if he thinks fit, insist that the contract shall be performed, and that he shall be put in the position in which he would have been if the representations made had been true. MISTAKE SECTION 21 * Where both the parties to an agreement are under a mistake as to a matter of fact essential to the agreement, the agreement is void. For a mistake to be operative under this section, it must be mistake of both parties and it is as to a matter of fact essential to the agreement * The basis for rendering agreements void under SECTION 21 is that th ere has been no free consent between the parties * Mistake can either be mutual mistake or unilateral mistake * SECTION 21 covers mutual mistake : both parties to an agreement are under a mistake * Mistake of fact essential to the agreement may occur in the following circumstances : a) Mistake as to the existence of the subject matter of the contract * Both parties are unaware that the subject matter of the contract has ceased to exist A agrees to buy from B a certain horse. It turns out that the horse was dead at the time of the bargain, though neither party was aware of the fact. The agreement is void. b) Mistake as to the identity of the subject mistake * Both parties are at cross-purpose, therefore, in fact, there is no agreement on the same thing in the same sense and in other words, no consent RAFFLES v WICHELHAUS 2 parties contracted for a sale of a cargo of cotton arriving in London by a ship called â€Å"The Peerless† sailing from Bombay. But unknown to both parti es, there were 2 ships of the same name leaving from Bombay at different times. They were both negotiating under a mistake and had in mind different ships, It was held that the contract was void for mutual mistake. c) Mistake as to the possibility of performing the contract BROTHERS LTD v OCHSNER SHEIKH The appellant granted to the respondent, licence and authority to contract and manufactured all sisal growing on 5000 acres of land in Kenya, and to deliver to the appellant 50 tons per month of sisal fibre for sale. Respondent was then unable to do so as the leaf potential of the sisal was not sufficient to produce that much. It was held that there was a mistake as to the possibility of performing the contract. The agreement was void. MISTAKE AS TO DOCUMENT The general rule is that a person is bound by the terms of the contract that he signs as laid down in an English case: L’ESTRANGE v F. GRANCOLS. SUBRAMANIAM V REKNAM The defendant had signed a written acknowledgement in the English language of a loan when he was ignorant of the language. The court applied the general rule that he is bound by what he signed, seeing that there was no fraud or misrepresentation. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Cyber Terrorism and Cyber Crime" essay for you Create order